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Development and Analysis of Dairy Trade Potential in Mongolia DONG Xiaoxia, HAN Meng, ZHU Wenqi, WANG Jing China Dairy    2025, 0 (10): 2-8.   DOI: 10.12377/1671-4393.25.10.01 Abstract （1780）      PDF（pc） （1224KB）（53）       Knowledge map    Save Mongolia is a country where animal husbandry serves as the primary economic sector,with dairy cattle being one of its key livestock breeds,and dairy products constituting a major part of the local diet. Over the past decade,Mongolia's dairy cow inventory has shown steady growth. The main processed dairy products include liquid milk (skimmed milk) and yogurt,with per capita apparent dairy consumption comparable to that of developed countries such as the United States and Germany,significantly exceeding the global average. In terms of trade,Mongolia is a net importer of dairy products,though its import volume remains relatively small. The primary imported categories are whole milk powder and skimmed milk powder,mainly sourced from Belarus,New Zealand,Russia,and Germany. Dairy trade cooperation between Mongolia and China has been limited,with Mongolia beginning to import a certain quantity of whole milk powder from China in 2022. Historically,China and Mongolia have maintained long-standing trade relations in livestock products. The two countries possess absolute geographical proximity and relative price competitiveness in dairy trade,indicating significant potential for future cooperation,particularly in whole milk powder and fresh milk. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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China Swine Industry    2025, 20 (6): 25-32.   DOI: 10.16174/j.issn.1673-4645.2025.06.005 Abstract （1772）      PDF（pc） （2002KB）（19）       Knowledge map    Save Acyl-CoA synthetase short-chain family member 1 (ACSS1) is a key metabolic enzyme located in the mitochondrial matrix. The primary function is to catalyze the synthesis of acetyl-CoA from acetate and coenzyme A, which then enters the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle and undergoes oxidative breakdown to produce ATP, providing energy for the body. It plays a central role in cellular energy homeostasis, lipid synthesis, and epigenetic regulation. ACSS1 has a clear gene localization and tissue-specific expression pattern, and the protein structure is conserved. Under glucose deprivation or stress conditions, ACSS1 can use alternative carbon sources such as acetate to synthesize acetyl-CoA, providing substrates for the TCA cycle and maintaining ATP production, thereby ensuring energy stability in high-energy-demand tissues such as the heart and brain. The molecular structure of ACSS1 contains a conserved lysine acetylation site (mouse K635/human K642), which is dynamically regulated by the deacetylase silent information regulator transcript 3 (SIRT3). Especially under conditions of nutrient deprivation (such as fasting) or oxidative stress, SIRT3 activates ACSS1 enzymatic activity through deacetylation, promoting the utilization of acetate to maintain energy balance. Under normal physiological conditions, ACSS1 is involved in maintaining energy during fasting, hepatic ketogenesis, and cardiac ATP supply. In pathological conditions, ACSS1 dysfunction is associated with various diseases: it supports cancer cell survival under low nutrient conditions in tumors; its decline may lead to energy depletion in neurodegenerative diseases; in addition, it is closely related to metabolic diseases such as fatty liver and sarcopenia. Through a systematic reviewed of existing studies, this review aimed to provide a theoretical basis for understanding the regulatory pathways and molecular mechanisms of ACSS1 in energy metabolism. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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China Swine Industry    2025, 20 (6): 3-11.   DOI: 10.16174/j.issn.1673-4645.2025.06.001 Abstract （1632）      PDF（pc） （3261KB）（37）       Knowledge map    Save Sex control technology is a core technique for optimizing the breeding system and enhancing breeding efficiency, which is great significance to the high-quality development of the pig industry. Among them, the efficient separation technology of X/Y sperm is the core link of pig sex control technology. This article focused on the research progress of the formation process, differential characteristics and separation techniques of X/Y sperm in pigs, and deeply analyzed the bottlenecks of current sorting technologies in terms of efficiency, safety and industrial application. Although high-purity separation can already be achieved by using flow cytometry sorting technology, there are still problems such as high cost, viability damage great and difficulty in industrial application. Emerging technologies such as microfluidic chips and immune sorting techniques have the potential for low damage, but they still need to be further verified in production. In the future, it is necessary to strengthen basic research in this field, analyze key molecular markers, develop low-cost, efficient, safe and portable sorting technologies, promote the integrated application of multiple technologies, so as to break through the difficulties in industrial application and contribute to the construction of an efficient pig breeding system and the high-quality development of the industry. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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China Swine Industry    2025, 20 (6): 12-24.   DOI: 10.16174/j.issn.1673-4645.2025.06.002 Abstract （1586）      PDF（pc） （6576KB）（68）       Knowledge map    Save As a member of the transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) superfamily, myostatin (MSTN) plays a critical role in regulating skeletal muscle development and lipid deposition. Due to the rapid advancement of gene editing technology and the need for high production performance in practical applications, a growing number of studies have carried out MSTN knockout in different pig breeds. This review summarized the important function of MSTN in breeding and systematically analyzed the phenotypic outcomes of MSTN-knockout pigs, including muscle development, carcass traits, fat deposition, and meat quality. Overall, MSTN-knockout pigs generally exhibit higher lean meat yield, lower fat content, improved tenderness, and enhanced nutritional profiles—particularly in terms of polyunsaturated fatty acids and amino acids. At the molecular level, MSTN knockout activates the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway to promote protein synthesis and modulates lipid metabolism via the ERK1/2 signaling pathway, thereby significantly improving meat quality and metabolic characteristics. In conclusion, obtaining a deeper understanding of the role and mechanisms of MSTN is crucial for animal breeding and provides promising strategies to enhance meat production in livestock. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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China Swine Industry    2025, 20 (6): 80-88.   DOI: 10.16174/j.issn.1673-4645.2025.06.009 Abstract （1518）      PDF（pc） （2025KB）（8）       Knowledge map    Save In order to analysis the changes in fertilizer efficiency, heavy metal residues, and sanitary indicators of pig manure before and after biogas fermentation, and to assess its agricultural risks, liquid samples were collected from temporary storage ponds and final sedimentation ponds of three large-scale pig farms in Hunan Province. The changes in heavy metal residues (Cu, Zn, Pb, Cr, Cd, As, Hg), nutrient elements (TN, TP, TK), parasite eggs, faecal coliforms counts, and seed germination index were detected in accordance with relevant industry standards. The single-factor pollution index and Nemerow comprehensive pollution index methods were used to evaluate the agricultural risks of biogas fertilizer. The results showed that the highest residual concentrations of heavy metals in pig manure were Zn and Cu, with maximum levels of 19 793.00 μg/L and 6 521.30 μg/L, respectively, while Hg was undetectable in all samples. After biogas fermentation, the residual concentrations of Zn, Cu, Pb, As, Cr, and Cd significantly decreased. The removal rates were: Zn (81.66%～90.87% ), Cu (86.32%～92.86% ), Pb (85.26%～91.18% ), As (76.07%～83.67% ), Cr (89.46%～90.65% ) and Cd (81.16%～97.56%). Nutrient elements—total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorus (TP), and total potassium (TK)—showed losses (P＜0.01), with concentrations ranked as TK＞TN＞TP. TK content ranged from 164.00 mg/L to 615.00 mg/L, TN from 29.50 mg/L to 116.50 mg/L, and TP from 1.32 mg/L to 8.78 mg/L. The removal rates of hookworm eggs and roundworm eggs reached 100%, while faecal coliforms removal rates were 95.75%～98.62%. The seed germination index of the fermented manure was 76.05%～77.20%. The single-factor pollution index for Pb, Cr, As, and Cd in the biogas manure range was 0.02～0.33, all indicating clean levels with low agricultural risk. However, for Zn and Cu, the single-factor pollution indices were 0.16～2.32 and 0.14～2.06 respectively, with Nemerow comprehensive pollution indices of 2.52 and 2.21, representing moderate pollution, which posed a potential risk for agricultural irrigation. These results demonstrated that after biogas fermentation, the concentration of heavy metals in pig manure water tends to decrease. However, residual heavy metals (Zn and Cu) still posed potential risks for irrigation purposes. It was recommended that the application rate of biogas manure be controlled appropriately when used for land application. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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China Swine Industry    2025, 20 (6): 70-79.   DOI: 10.16174/j.issn.1673-4645.2025.06.008 Abstract （1494）      PDF（pc） （3801KB）（11）       Knowledge map    Save Windrow aerobic composting is one of the mainstream technologies for treating organic solid waste. As its core equipment, the windrow turner directly affects composting efficiency and product quality. This paper analyzed the technical principles of windrow turners for windrow aerobic composting, and classified and compared them based on difference in power matching, power type, and working mode. It reviewed the research status of such windrow turners at home and abroad, analyzed key technical bottlenecks, and prospect to future development trends from the perspectives of intelligence, energy conservation and environmental protection, and multifunctionality, aiming to provide references for the optimized design and promotional application of windrow turners. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Research Advances in Isolation,Engineering,and Modification Applications of Milk Exosomes JIANG Liming, QIAN Zhongcang China Dairy    2025, 0 (10): 123-130.   DOI: 10.12377/1671-4393.25.10.19 Abstract （1479）      PDF（pc） （1327KB）（19）       Knowledge map    Save Exosomes are cell-derived membrane vesicles released by various types of cells and exist in almost all physiological fluids.Theycontain a variety of important biological molecules,such as proteins,lipids,DNA,mRNA,and microRNA.Milk exosomes are extracellular nanovesicles naturally secreted by mammary epithelial cells and naturally present in milk.Due to their special structure formed in synthetic secretion and low immunogenicity and high biocompatibility,milk exosomes have shown great potential and prospects in physiological regulation,diagnosis and treatment,and as drug delivery carriers as transporters of various molecules（such as proteins,lipids,mRNA and RNA）.This paper introduced the formation mechanism,separation method,modification and application value of exosomes in biological regulation,and introduced the application in cancer treatment and physiological regulation,in order to provide new ideas for the functional development and product development of exosomes. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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China Swine Industry    2025, 20 (6): 33-39.   DOI: 10.16174/j.issn.1673-4645.2025.06.003 Abstract （1448）      PDF（pc） （4298KB）（11）       Knowledge map    Save Due to the limited application of frozen semen in pig farms, the industry lacks large-scale data on the insemination effect of frozen semen, which restricts the promotion of frozen semen. In this study, frozen semen and fresh semen were used for insemination of Yorkshire sows that were in estrus in the same batch. Specifically, 195 sows were inseminated with fresh semen, and 203 sows were inseminated with frozen semen. Data such as the parity, insemination season, total number born, total number born alive, and stillbirths were recorded to compare the insemination effects between frozen semen and fresh semen. The results showed that the farrowing rate of frozen semen insemination sows in autumn was higher than that of fresh semen insemination sows. The total number born from insemination sows with frozen semen was 0.8 piglets less than that from insemination sows with fresh semen. However, in summer, the total number born and the total number born alive from insemination sows with frozen semen were both 0.4 piglets more than those from insemination sows with fresh semen. This research provided a new application scenario for the promotion of frozen semen in pigs. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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China Swine Industry    2025, 20 (5): 14-23.   DOI: 10.16174/j.issn.1673-4645.2025.05.006 Abstract （1408）      PDF（pc） （3666KB）（53）       Knowledge map    Save The study focused on the quality of Tibetan pig semen and the optimization of the frozen semen process, aimed to improve the conservation efficiency and development value of Tibetan pig resources. Using Tibetan pig semen as the research object, the effects of seasonal factors on semen quality were systematically analyzed, and freezing and thawing procedures were optimized. The results showed that semen quality in spring and autumn was significantly better than in summer and winter. For the thawing procedure, the high-temperature rapid thawing method at 47℃ for 15 seconds was the most effective, with post-thaw sperm viability reaching 68.03% and motility 54.94%, and viability remained above 30% after storage at 17℃ for 24 hours. Further research found that during freezing, using a fine tube distance of 4 cm from the liquid nitrogen surface significantly improved post-thaw sperm viability and motility compared to 5 cm. Based on the characteristics of Tibetan pig semen, it was recommended to use a freezing procedure with a fine tube distance of 4 cm from the liquid nitrogen surface, combined with a high-temperature rapid thawing method at 47℃ for 15 seconds, to achieve better post-thaw sperm quality. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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China Swine Industry    2025, 20 (6): 61-69.   DOI: 10.16174/j.issn.1673-4645.2025.06.007 Abstract （1405）      PDF（pc） （3123KB）（66）       Knowledge map    Save African swine fever (ASF) is a highly contagious and lethal viral disease of swine, posing a significant threat to the global swine industry. Infected domestic pigs, wild boars, and virus-carrying soft ticks serve as major sources of infection. Direct and indirect transmission as the primary modes of spread, constitute the complex transmission pathways of ASF. The ongoing spread of ASF in recent years underscores the critical importance of controlling transmission sources and interrupting transmission routes, yet gaps remain in understanding its transmission dynamics. This paper aimed to systematically analyze the complex transmission sources and pathways of the highly pathogenic ASFV strain, providing a reference for source control and transmission interruption strategies. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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China Swine Industry    2025, 20 (6): 40-49.   DOI: 10.16174/j.issn.1673-4645.2025.06.004 Abstract （1396）      PDF（pc） （2939KB）（23）       Knowledge map    Save This study aimed to investigate the effects of key first parity production parameters and second parity mating season on the reproductive performance of French sows in their second parity under a multi-story pig building system, providing a scientific basis for optimizing 28-day batch production and gilt management strategies in such systems. Using reproductive records from 9 223 second parity French sows across four production lines in a large-scale multi-story pig farm in Guangdong, general linear model were employed to analyze the fixed effects of production line, breed, mating season, and first parity production parameters on second parity reproductive traits. Variance analysis revealed that production line, breed, second parity mating season, and first parity weaning-to-mating interval group had highly significant effects on second parity reproductive traits (P < 0.01), while first parity gestation length group and first parity litter size group had significant effects (P < 0.05). In 28-day batch production within multi-story pig buildings, optimizing gilt first mating age, precisely managing first parity gestation length, lactation period, litter size, and weaning-to-mating interval can effectively enhance the second parity reproductive performance of French sows. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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China Swine Industry    2025, 20 (6): 50-60.   DOI: 10.16174/j.issn.1673-4645.2025.06.006 Abstract （1376）      PDF（pc） （5574KB）（24）       Knowledge map    Save Endometritis is generally caused by bacterial reproductive tract infection, it is one of the important causes of reproductive disorders in sows, which seriously affected the production efficiency of breeding industry. Understanding the birth canal microbial community of endometritis sows and healthy sows are a key step in developing more effective ways to prevent the occurrence of endometritis and improve the reproductive capacity of sows. In this study, 19 samples of sow endometritis were collected and divided into 3 groups, of which 6 samples were from healthy sows, 6 samples were from mating sows and 7 samples were from lactating sows. Whole gene sequencing of nanopore 16S rRNA was used to evaluate and compare the birth canal microbiota of sows with endometritis and healthy sows. After splicing, filtering, and screening of the experimental data, a total of 1 359 746 clean reads were obtained, and 2 415 operational taxonomic units (OTUs) were identified after alignment. A total of 2 415 microbial species were detected in the vaginal secretions of healthy sows, sows with diseases during the early stage of reproduction, and sows with diseases during lactation. Among these three groups of sows, 699 bacterial species were shared in their vaginal secretions. At the phylum level, the results showed that the relative abundance of Proteobacteria in the birth canal of sows with endometritis was extremely significantly increased(P＜0.01), while Bacterodietes was significantly decreased (P＜0.05), compared with that of healthy sows. At the classification level, compared with the healthy sow group, the relative abundance of A cinetobacter spp. in the mating period sow group of the endometritis-affected sow group was 14.92%, while in the lactation period sow group, it was 21.83%. In the healthy sow group, it was only 1.22%. The abundance of Proteobacteria in the birth tract of sows with endometritis was extremely significantly higher than that of healthy sows(P＜0.01). Proteobacteria might be the main pathogen of endometritis in sows, and might be closely related to endometrial inflammation in sows. This study provided reference for the subsequent prevention and treatment of sow endometritis. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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China Swine Industry    2025, 20 (5): 40-49.   DOI: 10.16174/j.issn.1673-4645.2025.05.003 Abstract （1360）      PDF（pc） （3712KB）（36）       Knowledge map    Save A well-structured animal welfare system should ensure physiological health, environmental comfort, and adequate nutrition of pigs, allowing full expression of natural behaviors while maintaining freedom from negative psychological states such as pain, distress, and fear. More studies demonstrated that enhance welfare levels could significantly improve production efficiency and reproductive performance in swine, thereby increasing economic returns in the farming industry. However, intensive farming systems often created conflicts between production objectives and welfare requirements due to constraints in husbandry management and environmental conditions. This review elucidated the biological mechanisms through which animal welfare affects swine physiological functions, evaluated its economic implications for commercial operations, and specifically investigated the application potential of nutritional interventions, environmental enrichment strategies, and optimized husbandry practices in welfare enhancement. The findings provided theoretical foundations and practical frameworks for achieving sustainable development in intensive swine production systems. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Development Status and Dairy Trade Potential in Indonesia ZHU Wenqi, WANG Jing, HAN Meng, WANG Mengmeng China Dairy    2025, 0 (10): 9-15.   DOI: 10.12377/1671-4393.25.10.02 Abstract （1358）      PDF（pc） （1221KB）（21）       Knowledge map    Save Indonesia is a major agricultural country,but its dairy industry remains underdeveloped,primarily relying on smallholder farming （average herd size below 5 cows）,with over 70% of raw milk supplied by dairy cooperatives and a low proportion of modern dairy farms. In 2023,the national dairy cattle inventory stood at 258 800 heads,with milk production reaching 672 000 tons—only 2.42 kg per capita annually,far below international standards. Consequently,Indonesia heavily depends on dairy imports,which have shown an overall upward trend over the past decade,while exports remain low （25 000~52 000 tons）,resulting in a significant trade deficit. Milk powder is the primary imported category,accounting for 27.33% （261 500 tons） in 2023,New Zealand,the U.S.,Australia,and three other countries dominating the stable trade structure. Dairy trade between Indonesia and China has been limited,with infant formula being the main import from China in recent years. Considering trade policies,Indonesia’s Free Nutritious Meal Program,and dairy price competitiveness,China hold geographical and cost advantages in dairy exporting,indicating notable cooperation potential. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Research Progress on the Effects of Aflatoxin on Dairy Cow Production and its Degradation Methods SONG Shanyou China Dairy    2025, 0 (10): 51-56.   DOI: 10.12377/1671-4393.25.10.08 Abstract （1324）      PDF（pc） （1541KB）（8）       Knowledge map    Save Aflatoxins（AF）are secondary metabolites produced by fungi such as Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus. Under favorable conditions,they can contaminate food and animal feed,posing health risks to both humans and animals. Dairy cows exposed to aflatoxin B1（AFB1）excrete its metabolite aflatoxin M1（AFM1）into milk,compromising milk safety. This review systematically summarized the effects of AF on dairy cow production performance,rumen fermentation,and reproductive function,and outlines recent advances in the physical,chemical,and biological methods for aflatoxin degradation. The aim is to provide a theoretical basis for preventing and controlling the risks of AF in dairy production. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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China Swine Industry    2026, 21 (2): 4-12.   DOI: 10.16174/j.issn.1673-4645.2026.02.001 Abstract （1311）      PDF（pc） （1743KB）（110）       Knowledge map    Save Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) poses a serious threat to the healthy development of the global swine industry. The virus is of extensive genetic heterogeneity, with successive emergence of divergent lineages in China—including GM2-like, NADC30-like and NADC34-like strains, following the initial outbreak of highly pathogenic PRRSV. The concurrent circulation of multiple lineage strains has facilitated frequent viral recombination events. Several recombinant variants exhibit expanded cellular tropism and heightened virulence in pigs. Moreover, recombination-driven antigenic variation can compromise diagnostic specificity and diminish vaccine-induced immunity. Consequently, recombinant PRRSV strains have emerged as a critical challenge in disease surveillance, diagnosis, and control. This review synthesized recent research on PRRSV recombination, with emphasis on the genomic architecture, spatiotemporal distribution, and molecular determinants of recombination events; their phenotypic consequences, including impacts on viral fitness, host range, pathogenicity and current hypotheses regarding underlying recombination mechanisms. By consolidating these advances, this review aimed to inform strategies for mitigating recombination risk, elucidate fundamental molecular pathways governing recombination, accelerate the development of broadly protective vaccines, and enable precision interventions for PRRS management. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Quality of Different Milk-based Young Children Formula during Accelerated Test Period DUAN Xiaofang, CHEN Litao, HE Xiangli, LIU Yang, YIN Yajun China Dairy    2025, 0 (10): 116-122.   DOI: 10.12377/1671-4393.25.10.18 Abstract （1292）      PDF（pc） （1570KB）（5）       Knowledge map    Save [Objective]To investigate the changes in nutrientional components and sensory perception of different milk-based young children formula during the accelerated test period.[Method]Analyze the changes in nutritional components of young children formula based on cow's milk,goat's milk and sheep's milk under accelerated test conditions,and conduc sensory evaluation in accordance with the RHB 204-2004 Sensory Evaluation Details for Infant Formula Milk Powder.[Result]During the accelerated test period,the nutrientional components of young children formula based on cow's milk,goat's milk and sheep's milk showed almost no attenuation and had good stability. The attenuation rate of vitamin C only in cow's milk-based and sheep's milk-based young children formula was significantly greater than that in goat's milk-based young children formula（15.65%,14.28% vs 3.98%）.All three types of young children formula exhibited good dispersibility. After 6 months of accelerated test,the cow's milk-based young children formula developed a distinct fishy odor,while the goat's milk-based and sheep's milk-based young children formula showed distinct typical flavors of goat/sheep milk.[Conclusion]During the accelerated test period,the nutrientional components in different milk-based young children formula powders were stable. However,the differences in fatty acid content in different have certain impacts on the flavor and solubility of the products. To ensure the good sensory experience of young children formula during its shelf life,measures should be taken to reduce and control fatty acid oxidation and optimize the surface composition of young children formula,thereby enhancing the stability of the particles. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Research Progress on the Nutritional Value of Bactrian Camel Milk in China CAI Shudong, PAN Yiwei, LI Wen, LUO Shengjin China Dairy    2025, 0 (12): 109-117.   DOI: 10.12377/1671-4393.25.12.16 Abstract （1291）      PDF（pc） （1271KB）（26）       Knowledge map    Save Camels,as a unique livestock breed in arid or semi-arid desert and Gobi areas,produce milk rich in protein,amino acids,unsaturated fatty acids,various vitamins and minerals,which has high nutritional value and shows potential medical value in the auxiliary treatment of various diseases.This paper systematically reviewed the overview of the species resources of Bactrian camel in China,analyzed in detail the nutritional components in camel milk,including protein,amino acids,vitamins,fatty acids and mineral contents,and further explored the research progress of camel milk in the auxiliary treatment of diabetes,liver and kidney diseases and anti-inflammation,with the aim of providing a theoretical basis for the in-depth research and comprehensive development and utilization of camel milk. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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China Swine Industry    2025, 20 (5): 33-39.   DOI: 10.16174/j.issn.1673-4645.2025.05.002 Abstract （1279）      PDF（pc） （1645KB）（71）       Knowledge map    Save This study aimed to investigate the application effects of compound probiotic fermentation liquid in pig production, focusing on its impacts on growth performance and environmental improvement. In trial 1, 110 pigs were randomly divided into control and experimental groups. The experimental group received drinking water supplemented with 2% compound probiotic fermentation liquid. The results showed that the average daily weight gain of pigs in the test group increased by 7.68% (P<0.01) and the feed-to-meat ratio decreased by 7.89% (P<0.01) compared with that of the control group, indicating that the composite probiotic fermentation bacterial solution significantly enhanced the growth performance of fattening pigs. A total of 4 080 pigs were selected from six units in trial 2, with 2 040 pigs in the control and test groups, respectively. The experimental group was provided with drinking water supplemented with 2% of a composite probiotic fermentation liquid, while the control group received normal drinking water. The results showed that the ammonia concentration in the experimental group decreased by 35% (P<0.01) compared to the control group, indicating that the compound probiotic fermentation liquid effectively improved air quality. The aim of this experiment was to study the effects of adding compound probiotic fermentation liquid to the drinking water of pigs on the growth performance of pigs and the concentration of ammonia in the house, with a view to providing data support for the application of probiotic complexes in animal husbandry, improving the efficiency of farming, and decreasing the negative impacts of pig farming on the environment. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Research and Application of Metagenomic Sequencing Technology in Evaluating the Microbial Composition and Probiotic Functions of Tibetan Kefir Grains YU Zhiwei, LI Ben, ZHOU Meiling, YANG Ziqi, LIN Guangyu, YU Jin China Dairy    2025, 0 (10): 101-108.   DOI: 10.12377/1671-4393.25.10.16 Abstract （1227）      PDF（pc） （6898KB）（6）       Knowledge map    Save [Objective]Tibetan kefir grains（TKGs）,as a traditional fermented product with a long history in Tibet,China,hold a unique position in folk dietary culture.The aim of this study was to utilize metagenomic sequencing technology to analyze the microbial composition and probiotic functions of TKGs,providing a basis for their development and utilization.[Method]TKGs samples were collected from Linzhi,Tibet. After cultivation and DNA extraction,a metagenomic library was constructed by high-throughput sequencing,and bioinformatics analyses were performed using multiple databases.[Result]The sequencing data had high quality and the assembly was successful. Bacteria were the dominant microorganisms in TKGs,with the Lactobacillus group being predominant. Lactobacillus kefiranofaciens accounted for 54% of the total microorganisms,and there were also a small amounts of viruses,eukaryotes and archaea. Lactobacillus phage Llun1 accounted for 5% of the viruses,and Kazachstania exigua accounted for 68% of the fungi. Functional gene annotation revealed that the microbial strains exhibited vigorous metabolic activity,with 1477 genes related to carbohydrate metabolism pathways.The strains also demonstrated strong capabilities in environmental information processing,with 934 genes associated with membrane transport and 503 genes related to signal transduction pathways. While the proportion of genes related to bacterial infectious diseases was relatively low at 12,there were 265 genes associated with antimicrobial drug resistance.Annotations from the CAZy and eggNOG databases revealed that the strain had outstanding carbohydrate metabolism capabilities and overall high metabolic activity.[Conclusion]Metagenomic sequencing had revealed the microbial composition and probiotic functions of TKGs.This study not only emphasized the potential value of TKGs as a natural source of probiotics but also provided a scientific basis for the development and utilization of their probiotic functions. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Practice and Innovation of JIT Management in Dairy Plant Warehouses Based on Quality and Safety HE Yanping, YANG Aijun, HE Ying, JI Kunfa, CHEN Xin, LIAO Simin, CHEN Xiaodong China Dairy    2025, 0 (12): 43-51.   DOI: 10.12377/1671-4393.25.12.07 Abstract （1214）      PDF（pc） （1344KB）（14）       Knowledge map    Save Based on the requirements for quality,safety,and operational efficiency in the dairy industry,this paper exploredd the practice and innovation of the Just-In-Time （JIT） management model in dairy plant warehouse management. By analyzing the problems of inventory backlog,risks associated with near-expiry products,and hidden costs under traditional inventory management models,and integrating the JIT principles of "zero inventory,flexible production,and total quality management," a JIT implementation framework suitable for dairy plant warehouses is constructed. Key specific measures are proposed,focusing on demand forecasting,production planning optimization,supplier evaluation systems,warehouse layout,and process reengineering. These measures are integrated with 5S on-site management,information technologies （such as SRM systems,IoT,big data,blockchain,etc.）,and rapid testing methods to achieve precise control of raw materials and finished products,efficient traceability,and inventory minimization. Practice shows that JIT management can significantly improve inventory turnover,reduce quality risks,and enhance supply chain resilience,providing a viable pathway for dairy enterprises to achieve dual improvements in food safety and operational efficiency. Finally,the paper looked forward to the future trend of deep integration between JIT management and digital technologies,emphasizing that enterprises should flexibly implement JIT strategies based on their own characteristics to promote the evolution of dairy warehouse management towards an intelligent stage. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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China Swine Industry    2025, 20 (5): 50-58.   DOI: 10.16174/j.issn.1673-4645.2025.05.004 Abstract （1200）      PDF（pc） （1569KB）（18）       Knowledge map    Save Against the backdrop of the rapid development of modern pig farming and increasingly strict food safety requirements, Chinese herbal feed additives, which possess natural, safe and efficient characteristics had demonstrated significant application value Chinese herbal as feed additives had the effects of regulating immunity, antibacterial and antiviral, promoting growth and development, enhancing the body's anti-stress ability and improving animal intestinal health. This paper systematically expounded on the promoting effects of Chinese herbal feed additives on the production and immune performance of breeding pigs, piglets, and fattening pigs. Meanwhile, it was indicated that the active components of Chinese herbal medicine had the effect of stabilizing semen preservation at room temperature. Moreover, the article also analyzed Chinese herbal medicine's mechanisms of action and practical application effects in improving digestive and absorptive functions, regulating intestinal micro-ecological balance, enhancing immune levels, and promoting reproductive performance, with the aim of providing theoretical basis and practical guidance for the scientific application of Chinese herbal feed additives in pig farming. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Experimental Research on the Application of Electronic Nose in the Detection and Sensory Evaluation of Raw Milk SUN Xiaoer, WANG Luyang, QIAO Kuan, WANG Yanfei, LIANG Fengling, SHI Changxu, GAO Yongliang China Dairy    2025, 0 (10): 94-100.   DOI: 10.12377/1671-4393.25.10.15 Abstract （1179）      PDF（pc） （5287KB）（15）       Knowledge map    Save [Objective]To establish an accurate and rapid detection method for sensory odor of raw milk and provide technical support for its quality control.[Method]Due to the wide application advantages of electronic nose technology in the fields of dairy adulteration detection,component analysis,and odor research on quality changes during processing and storage,this study adopted a comprehensive analysis strategy combining electronic nose technology with traditional instrumental analysis and sensory evaluation to carry out raw milk quality detection experiments.[Result]Electronic nose technology showed significant advantages in raw milk quality detection：it could quickly identify abnormal samples,effectively avoid errors caused by subjective human factors,and greatly improve the efficiency of practical detection operations.The detection data of 10,230 raw milk samples from pastures from March to December 2023 showed that the overall compliance rate reached 91.6%,and the non-compliant samples detected by electronic nose were verified by artificial sensory evaluation with a compliance rate of 100%.[Conclusion]A spectral model of normal raw milk was constructed through multiple experiments.By comparing with the spectral model of abnormal samples,the characteristic volatile compounds in abnormal raw milk（such as 3-ethyl-2-methylpyrazine in sour samples and ethanol in bean-flavored samples）were identified,providing a scientific and reliable detection basis for the sensory quality evaluation of raw milk. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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China Swine Industry    2025, 20 (5): 3-13.   DOI: 10.16174/j.issn.1673-4645.2025.05.005 Abstract （1173）      PDF（pc） （3490KB）（53）       Knowledge map    Save This study aimed to elucidate the genetic structure of Tibetan pig conservation populations, analyze their genetic diversity, and construct molecular pedigrees, thereby providing a theoretical foundation for the scientific conservation and rational utilization of this valuable genetic resource. In this study, 111 Daocheng Tibetan pigs (80 boars and 31 sows) were analyzed for genetic diversity and family structure using the "Zhongxin-1 Porcine Breeding Array PLUS chips". The genetic structure analysis results showed that the effective population content (Ne) of the Tibetan pig population was 8.2, the proportion of polymorphic markers (PN) was 0.562, the observed heterozygosity (Ho) was 0.219, the expected heterozygosity (He) was 0.215, the polymorphism information content (PIC) was 0.165, and the average inbreeding coefficient calculated based on ROH was 0.09. It indicated that the genetic diversity level of the Tibetan pig conservation population was relatively low, inbreeding coefficient was relatively high, and a risk of inbreeding within the population. Existed 80 boars were divided into 17 families, the sows were classified according to their kinship, and 5 sows were distantly related to the boars tested and were classified as "other", maybe it was due to the incomplete original genealogy, and some Tibetan pig lineages with chaotic bloodlines. In summary, the Tibetan pig population had a certain genetic diversity, and there was a risk of inbreeding in the population, so in the future, unrelated individuals from other breeding groups can be introduced to enrich the gene pool, and individuals with distant relatives can be preferentially selected for breeding, so as to effectively reduce the level of inbreeding in the group. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Research on Data Collection of Smart Laboratory Equipment for Milk and Dairy Products YANG Jian, LI Hui, YI Hongbo, WANG Danhui, ZHU Lei, LIU Boyang, WANG Hui, WANG Xiaomin, SUN Hongna China Dairy    2025, 0 (10): 109-115.   DOI: 10.12377/1671-4393.25.10.17 Abstract （1153）      PDF（pc） （1261KB）（23）       Knowledge map    Save With the rapid development of technology,the application of smart laboratories in the milk and dairy products industry is becoming increasingly widespread.Equipment data collection,as a core link of a smart laboratory,is of great significance for improving the quality of milk and dairy products,ensuring food safety,and promoting the development of the industry. This paper deeply explored the current situation and development of equipment data collection in smart laboratories for milk and dairy products,and elaborated in detail on the construction process of the data collection system,including the selection of sensors,the establishment of a data transmission network. At the same time,this study focused on the management and analysis of data collection,as well as how to apply the data to actual production and quality control. Through the analysis of relevant technologies and cases,this paper aimed to provide a reference for the construction of smart laboratories in the milk and dairy products industry,and to promote the digital transformation and upgrading of the entire industry. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Research on the High-quality Development of Dairy Industry in Shandong Province Based on SWOT Analysis-- Taking Dongying City as an Example YANG Yanfen, LI Yang, CUI Shuai, YAN Hui, CHENG Guoming China Dairy    2025, 0 (10): 27-31.   DOI: 10.12377/1671-4393.25.10.04 Abstract （1142）      PDF（pc） （1212KB）（10）       Knowledge map    Save This paper employed the SWOT analysis method to systematically investigate the internal and external environment for the high-quality development of the dairy industry in Dongying City,Shandong Province. The analysis first identified internal strengths,including high milk yield per cow,a high degree of scale in farming,good quality of milk sources,and strong policy support. It also points out existing weaknesses,such as weak local processing capacity,insufficient market competitiveness,and a fragile interest linkage between farmers and dairy enterprises. Regarding the external environment,the study identified opportunities from growing consumption potential and policy support,as well as threats from intensified resource and environmental constraints,impact from imported dairy products,and a sluggish market. Based on this analysis,four strategic combinations—SO,WO,ST,and WT—were constructed,with the SO strategy,leveraging strengths and seizing opportunities to promote integrated development of the entire dairy industry chain,recommended. Finally,specific countermeasures and suggestions were proposed to promote the high-quality development of Dongying's dairy industry,focusing on areas such as enhancing breeding capacity,improving quality and efficiency,extending the industry chain,promoting green and sustainable development,and strengthening interest linkage mechanisms. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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China Swine Industry    2025, 20 (6): 89-96.   DOI: 10.16174/j.issn.1673-4645.2025.06.010 Abstract （1117）      PDF（pc） （1868KB）（23）       Knowledge map    Save In recent years, the pig breeding industry had been confronted with various risks during its development, with financial risks being particularly prominent. Therefore, this study selected a listed pig-raising enterprise as the research object and adopted a combination of qualitative and quantitative methods. Based on the financial statement data disclosed by the company from 2020 to 2024, it calculated and analyzed relevant financial indicators from four perspectives: the company's financing capacity, investment capacity, operational capacity, and cash flow, so as to evaluate its financial status. Furthermore, the Z-Score Model was applied to conduct a comprehensive assessment of the financial risks faced by A enterprises, and corresponding suggestions were proposed for its financial risk management and control. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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A Study on the Impact of Dairy Enterprises' Corporate Social Responsibility （CSR）on Consumers' Brand Choice Behavior ZHANG Yipeng China Dairy    2025, 0 (10): 16-26.   DOI: 10.12377/1671-4393.25.10.03 Abstract （1110）      PDF（pc） （1522KB）（9）       Knowledge map    Save With the accelerating development of globalization and informatization,consumers are increasingly focusing on enterprises' corporate social responsibility （CSR）performance in addition to product quality and price when making brand choices. This study explored the impact of CSR on consumer brand choice behavior in the dairy industry. Employing a questionnaire survey method and various statistical analysis techniques,including descriptive statistics,reliability analysis,factor analysis,and structural equation modeling （SEM）—the research conducts an in-depth analysis of the application of CSR in dairy enterprises and its influence on consumer behavior. A hypothetical model is designed to provide empirical support for revealing the mechanism of CSR in consumer brand selection.The results indicated that different dimensions of CSR exert a significant impact on brand trust and brand advocacy,with environmental protection responsibility and social support responsibility demonstrating particularly notable effects on brand behavioral intentions. To be specific,consumers' perceived CSR has a significant positive impact on brand support： when consumers perceive a company actively fulfilling its social responsibilities,they tend to support the brand more.Fulfilling social responsibilities helps companies boost brand reputation,which in turn strengthens consumers' admiration for the brand.Notably,if consumers believe a company's CSR efforts are driven by genuine altruism,this perception will further amplify the positive effect of CSR on brand admiration. These findings offer important theoretical implications for dairy enterprises in formulating CSR strategies. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Study on the Application Effect of Plant-derived Lactic Acid Bacteria in Dairy Cattle Farming CHEN Zhichao, ZHANG Wenxue, ZHANG Wencheng, ZHANG Quanji China Dairy    2026, 0 (1): 45-50.   DOI: 10.12377/1671-4393.26.01.07 Abstract （1110）      PDF（pc） （851KB）（4）       Knowledge map    Save [Objective] This study aimed to investigate the application value of plant-derived lactic acid bacteria （LAB） in dairy cattle farming. [Methods] Using dairy cows from a specific farm as the research subjects,the trial established an experimental group （50 cows） and a control group （50 cows）. The experimental group received plant-derived LAB supplemented in their concentrate feed and regular spraying of LAB in the barn and on their bodies. The effects on milk yield,health status,and farming environment were systematically analyzed. [Result] The average daily milk yield of the experimental group reached 12.85 kg/cow/day,which was 25.86% higher than that of the control group （10.21 kg/cow/day）. The incidence density of mastitis was 0.15 cases per hundred cow-days in the experimental group,81.7% lower than that in the control group （0.82 cases per hundred cow-days）. The incidence density of hoof disease was 0.23 cases per hundred cow-days in the experimental group,54.0% lower than that in the control group （0.50 cases per hundred cow-days）. The cost per unit of fresh milk was 4.198 RMB/kg in the experimental group,with an investment return rate of 1.82:1. [Conclusion] Plant-derived lactic acid bacteria can significantly improve the barn hygiene conditions and enhanceheat dairy cattle’ stress resistance,effectively improve the economic benefits of dairy cattle farming and possess high value for widespread application and promotion. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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China Swine Industry    2025, 20 (5): 24-32.   DOI: 10.16174/j.issn.1673-4645.2025.05.001 Abstract （1104）      PDF（pc） （3440KB）（18）       Knowledge map    Save In recent years, as an important subclass of flavonoids, anthocyanins had attracted extensive attention in the aspects of healthy pig farming and improvement of production performance due to their various biological activities. This paper reviewed the antioxidant properties and mechanisms, anti - inflammatory and the regulatory effected on the gut microbiota of anthocyanins, as well as their applications in pig production, included promoting pig growth and reproductive performance, improving meat quality and protecting gut health. The aim was to provide a reference for the application of anthocyanins in green and healthy pig farming. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Measurement and Influencing Factors of Resilience in China's Dairy Industry Chain ZHANG Chao, XU Ke, WU Rijin, NA Muri, YU Zetian, ZHANG Fenghua, CHEN Zijie, DONG Xiaoxia China Dairy    2025, 0 (12): 2-9.   DOI: 10.12377/1671-4393.25.12.01 Abstract （1099）      PDF（pc） （7537KB）（16）       Knowledge map    Save Industrial chain resilience serves as a crucial foundation for constructing a modern industrial system and ensuring industrial security. Based on the theoretical connotation of industrial chain resilience, this paper constructs an evaluation index system for the resilience of the dairy industry chain from three dimensions: resistance capacity, recovery capacity, and transformation capacity. The entropy weight method is employed to measure the resilience of China's dairy industry chain from 2013 to 2022, and the obstacle degree model is applied to analyze its influencing factors. The results indicated that: （1）The resilience of China's dairy industry chain shows an overall fluctuating upward trend, with significant improvements in resistance capacity but slower growth in recovery and transformation capacities. （2）There are notable differences in industrial chain resilience across production regions, ranking as follows: North China > Northeast and Inner Mongolia > areas surrounding large cities > Southern China > Western China. （3）Key obstacles influencing industrial chain resilience include milk production, dairy cattle inventory, rural road density, R&D investment level, and import dependency, with influencing factors exhibiting heterogeneity across different regions. Based on these findings, this paper proposes recommendations such as promoting the coordinated development of advanced manufacturing clusters, accelerating the enhancement of weak links in the industrial chain, and exploring new service-oriented manufacturing formats, aiming to comprehensively improve the resilience of China's dairy industry chain and foster high-quality development in the dairy sector. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Construction and Practical Effectiveness of an Integrated Prevention and Control System for Three Major Dairy Cow Diseases in the Yantai Region Driven by Digital Intelligence CHENG Chong China Dairy    2026, 0 (1): 65-70.   DOI: 10.12377/1671-4393.26.01.10 Abstract （1094）      PDF（pc） （754KB）（5）       Knowledge map    Save As a national advantageous milk source region,Yantai is characterized by a temperate monsoon climate,which contributes to the high incidence of three major diseases in dairy cows,foot rot,mastitis and endometritis seriously restricting the development of local dairy farming.Based on empirical data from 620 lactating cows at Yantai Gerun Fude Ranch from 2019 to 2024,this paper proposed a tripartite prevention and control system of "environmental regulation-intelligent early warning-precision intervention".Practice has shown that the application of digital intelligence management technologies enables the detection time of foot rot to be advanced by 72 hours;the use of IgY antibody therapy can increase the clinical cure rate of mastitis to 76.5%;and probiotic intervention during the perinatal period can reduce the incidence of endometritis by 34%.This model provides a technical template for healthy dairy farming in the Jiaodong Peninsula. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Treatment Approaches and Management Strategies for Bovine Mastitis LIU Weihong, FU Guangda, WANG Guandong, LI Xiaoming China Dairy    2025, 0 (12): 36-42.   DOI: 10.12377/1671-4393.25.12.06 Abstract （1057）      PDF（pc） （1246KB）（9）       Knowledge map    Save Bovine mastitis is one of the most prevalent and economically damaging diseases in the dairy industry.It presents a complex pathogen spectrum,including gram-positive bacteria,gram-negative bacteria,and emerging atypical microorganisms,and exhibits distinct clinical classifications.With the escalating problem of drug resistance in dairy cow farming, traditional treatment models are facing challenges, and the diagnosis and treatment of mastitis are in urgent need of a transformation towards precision and diversification.This paper provided a comprehensive review of the pathogens associated with mastitis,its clinical classifications,and recent advances in molecular diagnostic techniques.It highlighted the current research status and application prospects of novel therapeutic strategies such as antibiotics,bacteriophages,antimicrobial peptides,probiotics,herbal medicine,immunotherapy,nanomaterials,and stem cell therapy.Furthermore,it integrated genetic selection,nutritional regulation,dry-off period management,and teat sealant use into a systematic framework for comprehensive mastitis prevention and control.The aim was to offer a theoretical and practical basis for early detection,effective control,and sustainable management of bovine mastitis,thereby promoting healthier and more efficient dairy farming systems. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Application and Optimization of Soleris Microbiological Rapid Detection System Coliform Group Detection of Frozen Desserts CHEN Chen, ZHANG Huiping, JIN Wei, LI Zhenxia, LI Ruixue, JIN Xiao, ZHANG Jingze China Dairy    2025, 0 (10): 88-93.   DOI: 10.12377/1671-4393.25.10.14 Abstract （1034）      PDF（pc） （3950KB）（1）       Knowledge map    Save [Objective] This study aimed to optimize the pretreatment steps of the microbiological rapid detection method for coliforms in frozen desserts using the Soleris microbiological rapid detection system,with the results of the traditional national standard plate counting method for coliforms as the calibration dataset,and to establish a regression calibration curve for coliforms,providing efficient technical support for microbiological detection of frozen desserts.[Method] First,the pretreatment processes for dairy-containing and non-dairy frozen desserts were optimized and unified: 25 g of melted and mixed samples were placed in 225 mL of sterile diluent,and the pH was adjusted to 6.7±0.2 if necessary.Then,the Soleris microbiological rapid detection system and the traditional national standard plate counting method （GB 4789.3—2016） were used to simultaneously detect coliforms in frozen desserts,and the applicability of the Soleris system was verified by comparing the detection results of the two methods.[Result] The detection rate of the Soleris microbiological rapid detection system for 30 samples with different pollution levels reached 100%,with no false positive or false negative results. The regression calibration curve of the detection results was y=-0.405 3x+6.061 9 （R²=0.869 6）,indicating a significant negative correlation between the Soleris detection time and the number of coliforms. Repeatability verification showed that the maximum intra-group relative standard deviation was only 3.4%,indicating good system stability.[Conclusion] On the basis of maintaining the characteristic of "negative correlation between positive warning time and the number of target microorganisms",the optimized Soleris microbiological rapid detection system significantly shortens the detection cycle （warning time 7.2~11.9 h）,effectively reduces the detection workload and improves the detection efficiency,which can meet the needs of rapid quality control in the production process of frozen desserts. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Research on the Current Situation of Dairy Cow Breeding in Large-scale Pastures in Mudanjiang City,Heilongjiang Province,and Development Suggestions in 2023 ZHANG Haifeng, ZOU Siqi, CHENG Jiaxin, WANG Junqi, WANG Haiyan, CHEN Yuanyuan, XIA Cheng China Dairy    2026, 0 (1): 37-44.   DOI: 10.12377/1671-4393.26.01.06 Abstract （1018）      PDF（pc） （787KB）（5）       Knowledge map    Save [Objective] To systematically grasp the current status of key indicators for dairy cow breeding in large-scale pastures in Mudanjiang City,identify strengths and weaknesses in breeding management,and provide a scientific basis for improving regional dairy farming production efficiency and sustainable development levels. [Method] In April 2024,a large-scale pasture in Mudanjiang City was selected as the research subject. Core data including herd structure,reproductive performance,disease incidence, culling/mortality rates,and lactation performance were collected through on-site investigation and compared with the national and Heilongjiang Province averages for the same period. [Result] The herd structure of the pasture was relatively young but gradually stabilizing. The proportion of heifers at the beginning of the period was 29.0%,32.2% by the end. Overall reproductive performance was at a medium level domestically. Pregnancy rates for timed artificial insemination and natural estrus were 43.9% and 39.1%, respectively. The calving interval was 382 days. Disease prevention and control achieved significant results,with low incidence rates for mammary and surgical diseases. However,obstetric diseases accounted for a high proportion （50.24%）,and the incidence rate of internal medical diseases was 25.70% .The culling/mortality rate was slightly higher than the industry average. Dry cows had the highest rate （33.1%）,followed by lactating cows （26.2%）and heifers （25.1%）. Lactation performance had room for improvement. The average daily milk yield（29.3 kg）was higher than the national average,while the 305-day milk yield was 88 64 kg,milk fat percentage was 3.79%,and milk protein percentage was 3.32%,all lower than the national or Hei longjiang Province averages. [Conclusion] The pasture has foundational advantages in herd structure optimization and prevention/control of certain diseases. However,improvements are still needed in reproductive efficiency enhancement,obstetric and internal medical disease prevention/control, and lactation performance optimization.It is recommended to comprehensively enhance pasture breeding efficiency and production levels by strengthening precise reproductive management,optimizing the disease prevention and control system,scientifically adjusting feed formulations,and standardizing milking operations. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Cognitive Progress of Milk Function：Immune,Nutritional,Active,Hydration Function ZHANG Yangdong, ZHENG Nan, ZHAO Shengguo, LIU Huimin, Meng Lu, WANG Jiaqi China Dairy    2025, 0 (11): 24-41.   DOI: 10.12377/1671-4393.25.11.04 Abstract （1017）      PDF（pc） （6951KB）（94）       Knowledge map    Save Milk is the food that is closest to perfection for human beings. Milk not only contains a wide variety of immune substances,but also contains easily digestible nutrients such as casein,bioactive substances such as insulin-like growth factors,and water accounting for more than 87% of milk mass. Milk can enhance the immune function of the human body,quickly supplement the energy,protein and other nutrients required by the human body,promote infant growth and reduce the "three high" indicators,and provide hydration substrate for the body's physiological activities. In addition,many active substances such as exosomes in milk have a wide range of biomedical applications. In this paper,the immunity,nutrition,activity and hydration of milk were reviewed in order to provide reference for better understanding and use of milk and further development of high-quality active milk and dairy products. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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China Swine Industry    2026, 21 (2): 40-54.   DOI: 10.16174/j.issn.1673-4645.2026.02.005 Abstract （1007）      PDF（pc） （3132KB）（30）       Knowledge map    Save Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) is one of the most viral diseases affecting the global pig industry, causing enormous annual economic losses. Although modified live virus (MLV) vaccines have been used for over three decades, the industry remains trapped in the dilemma of immunization that fails to prevent infection or block transmission. The core problem lies in the multi-dimensional immune evasion mechanisms evolved by porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV), centered on the respiratory mucosa, while conventional vaccines suffer from three drawbacks: systemic immune bias, insufficient cross-protection, and safety risks. Moreover, the systematically evaluation systems over-rely on serological indicators, neglecting mucosal immunity—the first line of defense against viral invasion. This review systematically dissected the etiological characteristics of PRRSV and the molecular mechanisms underlying its mucosal immune evasion, evaluated the current status and limitations of conventional vaccines, and focused on breakthroughs in novel vaccine development and delivery technologies centered on mucosal immunity. It also reconstructed a three-dimensional integrated evaluation system incorporating "mucosal indicators + systemic immune quality + field transmission blockade". The core proposition of this review was to propose a new paradigm of active immune engineering: shifting from passively tracking viral variation to actively designing novel vaccine strategies based on "mucosa-targeted delivery + conserved antigen construction". By integrating technologies and innovating evaluation systems, a robust mucosal immune barrier can be established at the viral entry portal. This review provided a theoretical foundation and feasible reference for the effective control and even eradication of PRRS. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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Study on the Differential Effects of Psychrotrophiles Detection Results in Raw Cow's Milk under Different Culture Conditions WU Simin, XIE Cuilian, LIN Qiuying, FU Jinfeng China Dairy    2025, 0 (12): 52-58.   DOI: 10.12377/1671-4393.25.12.08 Abstract （968）      PDF（pc） （5616KB）（11）       Knowledge map    Save [Objective] To study the effects of different culture media,culture temperatures and culture times on the levels of psychrotrophiles microorganisms in raw cow's milk,aiming to improve the accuracy and consistency of the detection of psychrophiles detection in raw cow's milk.[Method] This experiment adopted the 6.5 ℃ colony counting method（referred to as“PCMA method”）in the first method and the 21 ℃ colony counting method（referred to as“PCMA rapid method”）in the second method of“SN/T 2552.4-2010 Microbiological Testing methods for Milk and Dairy Products”and “ISO 6730：2005 Milk—Enumeration of colony forming units of psychrotrophic microorganisms—Colony-count technique at 6.5 ℃”（referred to as“PCA Method”）and“ISO 8552：2004 Milk—Estimation of psychrotrophic microorganisms— Colony-count technique at 21 ℃ （Rapid Method）”（referred to as“PCA Rapid Method”） was used to detect the levels of psychrophiles in a total of 66 raw cow's milk samples from 2 dairy products of 8 dairy farms in South China in 2017 under different culture conditions.[Result] The data consistency of the PCA method and the PCA rapid method was poor when detecting the same type of raw cow's milk. The PCMA method and the PCMA rapid method also showed the problem of poor data consistency when detecting raw cow's milk. Although the PCA method and the PCMA method were consistent in quantity when detecting the same type of raw material milk,the culture medium of the PCMA method was relatively turbid,and the colony morphology was small,which was prone to misjudgment.[Conclusion] Different culture media,culture temperatures and culture times have an impact on the detection results of psychrophilic bacteria in raw cow's milk. The PCMA rapid method can be used to make a preliminary judgment on the level of psychrophiles in raw cow's milk. However,for more accurate colony technology results,it is still recommended to use the PCA method as the final determination basis. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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The Effect of Different Doses of Carbetocin on the Treatment of Retained Placenta,Conception Rate,and Colostrum Yield in Dairy Cows Liu Yuping, Zhang Xiuhai China Dairy    2026, 0 (1): 71-76.   DOI: 10.12377/1671-4393.26.01.11 Abstract （966）      PDF（pc） （757KB）（2）       Knowledge map    Save [Objective] This study aimed to investigate the effects of different doses of carbetocin on the therapeutic efficacy for retained placenta,conception rate,and colostrum yield in dairy cows,in order to provide a theoretical basis for its rational clinical application in veterinary practice. [Method] A total of 120 healthy Holstein cows were selected and randomly divided into 4 groups. The control group received an intramuscular injection of 10 mL normal saline within 10 minutes postpartum. The low-,medium-,and high-dose groups received intramuscular injections of carbetocin at doses of 250,300,and 350 μg per head,respectively. The placental expulsion status and time,first-service conception rate,colostrum yield,and serum levels of inflammatory factors （IL-1β,IL-6,TNF-α） were observed and recorded for each group. [Results] The results showed that as the dose of carbetocin increased,the incidence of retained placenta gradually decreased. The incidence in the medium- and high-dose groups was significantly lower than that in the control group （P < 0.05）. The first-service conception rate was significantly higher in all treatment groups compared to the control group. Colostrum yield showed an increasing trend with dose,but the differences were not statistically significant. The serum levels of inflammatory factors were significantly lower in the medium-dose group compared to the control group. [Conclusion] This experiment indicates that carbetocin can effectively promote placental expulsion,improve the conception rate,and may reduce postpartum inflammatory responses. A dose of 300 μg per head is recommended for clinical use as an appropriate dose that balances efficacy and cost-effectiveness. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）

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China Swine Industry    2026, 21 (1): 12-19.   DOI: 10.16174/j.issn.1673-4645.2026.01.002 Abstract （939）      PDF（pc） （2323KB）（24）       Knowledge map    Save The ACAT1 gene is located on human chromosome 11q22.3, comprising 16 exons. It encodes a protein that exists as homodimers or tetramers. The monomer contains nine transmembrane helices, with a histidine residue serving as the catalytic core. The central hydrophobic cavity of the tetramer may mediate cholesterol transport. This protein localizes to the endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria, and mitochondria-endoplasmic reticulum contact sites (MAMs), with enrichment in liver and adipose tissue. The expression of ACAT1 is co-regulated by transcription factors, cholesterol levels, and epigenetic factors. In lipid metabolism, ACAT1 catalyzes the esterific ation of free cholesterol with long-chain fatty acids for storage, regulates adipocyte differentiation and brown fat maturation. In the study of pigs, SNP differences in ACAT1 are associated with fat deposition. In mitochondrial energy homeostasis, ACAT1 participates in acetyl-CoA metabolism, where acetylation regulates glycolysis and lipid metabolism, influencing mitochondrial function and ER-mitochondrial interactions. Abnormal ACAT1 expression is associated with diseases such as atherosclerosis (promoting foam cell formation) and tumors (regulating proliferation and immune evasion). Its inhibitors (e.g., avastimib, nevanimibe) exhibit antitumor activity, with some entering clinical trials. Targeting ACAT1 holds promise as a novel therapeutic strategy for related diseases. Related Articles | Metrics | Comments（0）